New ETC Report Highlights Global Building Sector Emissions and Decarbonization Strategies
The Energy Transitions Commission (ETC) has released an insightful report titled "Achieving Zero-Carbon Buildings: Electric, Efficient and Flexible," which details the current state of emissions in the global buildings sector and proposes actionable strategies for decarbonization.
Background and Current Emissions
The building sector currently accounts for one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions, translating to approximately 12.3 GtCO2 in 2022. These emissions primarily stem from the combustion of fossil fuels for heating, cooling, cooking, lighting, and powering appliances, as well as from the construction of residential and commercial properties. The report emphasizes that there is no one-size-fits-all solution for decarbonization, with effectiveness varying based on building types, countries, and climate zones. However, three core priorities emerge:
1. Electrification as a Replacement for Fossil Fuels
To reduce emissions from heating and cooking—which currently generate 8% of global emissions, equivalent to 3 GtCO2—it's crucial to transition from fossil fuel-based equipment to cost-efficient electric technologies, such as heat pumps and electric stoves. The report anticipates that by 2050, 80% of the energy consumed in buildings could derive from electricity. This shift could see building-related emissions drop to near zero if the electricity supply transitions to zero-carbon sources.
2. Drastic Improvement in Energy Efficiency
Increasing reliance on heating and cooling systems will almost triple the electricity demand for buildings by 2050, soaring from 12,800 TWh to approximately 35,000 TWh. However, the report outlines that through enhanced technical efficiency of appliances, energy efficiency improvements in both new and existing buildings, and innovative building management systems, this demand could be curtailed to about 18,500 TWh. Strategies include passive heating and cooling techniques, advanced insulation, and implementing smart systems to optimize energy consumption.
3. Construction of Efficient and Low-Carbon Buildings
The construction process contributes to 7% of global emissions, about 2.5 GtCO2 annually. The global floor area of buildings is projected to increase by 55% by 2050, predominantly in Asia, Africa, and South America. Maintaining the current carbon intensity in construction could lead to cumulative emissions of 75 GtCO2. To mitigate this, the report suggests actions like decarbonizing building material production, utilizing lighter and less carbon-intensive construction methods, and maximizing the lifespan of existing buildings through better insulation and design practices.
The Road Ahead
Adair Turner, chair of the ETC, notes, "Decarbonizing the building sector is vital to our climate goals and offers an opportunity to enhance living standards while lowering energy costs." He advocates for greater electrification of heating and cook technologies, which will improve air quality and reduce operating costs compared to traditional gas heating systems.
However, the challenges are multifaceted, especially for existing buildings, where owners must navigate a multitude of decarbonization technologies that may have high upfront costs and varying access to financing. For new constructions, optimal solutions differ by region, necessitating tailored building regulations that suit local contexts.
Stephen Hill, a sustainability expert at Arup, asserts that failing to radically decarbonize buildings would hinder progress towards the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C warming limit. He emphasizes the need for cross-sector collaboration among governments, industry groups, and private enterprises to catalyze this transition.
Conclusion
The ETC report also identifies seven overlapping challenges regarding decarbonization, from improving access to clean cooking methods in low-income countries to creating high-demand for low-carbon commercial buildings. With technology such as IoT, digital controls, and efficient energy systems, the path to zero-carbon buildings is within reach. The collaboration and strategic planning suggested in the report can play a pivotal role in achieving both sustainability and enhanced living conditions worldwide.
For additional insights and to explore the full report, visit the Energy Transitions Commission’s official website.