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Global Peace Index 2025: An In-Depth Look at the State of World Peace

The Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) recently unveiled the 2025 Global Peace Index (GPI), revealing alarming trends in global conflict and peace. This year’s report exposes a substantial and ongoing decline in worldwide peacefulness, with alarming indicators reaching levels not seen since the conclusion of World War II.

Key Findings

On examining the metrics, it is clear that global peace is facing unprecedented challenges. The GPI indicates a continuous deterioration each year since 2014, with 100 countries experiencing declines in peacefulness over the past decade. There are currently 59 active state-based conflicts, the highest number recorded since WWII, resulting in approximately 152,000 deaths related to conflict in 2024 alone. Moreover, 17 countries reported internal conflict deaths exceeding 1,000, marking the highest number since 1999.

The world finds itself at a critical juncture characterized by the fragmentation of global power. The number of globally influential nations has surged from 13 at the Cold War’s end to 34 by 2023, reflecting the complexity and internationalization of modern conflicts. Surprisingly, 78 countries were involved in conflicts extending beyond their borders last year, indicating that conflicts are becoming increasingly global in nature.

The economic implications of violence are profound, with the total global impact reaching $19.97 trillion in 2024—accounting for 11.6% of global GDP. Military expenditure alone was documented at $2.7 trillion. These figures underscore the stark reality that while violence rages, investments in conflict prevention have significantly dwindled, plunging to their lowest levels in over two decades.

The Rise of Middle Powers and Fragmentation

The report suggests a shift in the global power structure, with mid-level powers growing in influence and activity, leading to a competitive and fragmented geopolitical landscape. This shift has significantly affected international relations, as neighboring countries have experienced deteriorating relationships, with only a handful of them showing improvement.

Crucially, with the emergence of regional powers like Saudi Arabia, India, and Brazil, the landscape of global influence is diversifying. However, this has also contributed to competitive tensions, particularly as restrictive trade practices increased remarkably with over 3,000 newly imposed measures recorded in 2023. Notably, China has seen substantial growth in its global influence but currently appears to be plateauing due to escalating debt and falling foreign direct investment.

Regional Assessments

Interestingly, Western and Central Europe remains the most peaceful region globally, with Iceland retaining its position as the leading peaceful country since 2008. However, France and the UK are experiencing significant declines in global influence amid sustained low economic growth, alongside reductions in foreign aid and democracy.

In sharp contrast, Russia has now been declared the least peaceful nation worldwide, with neighboring countries like Ukraine and Sudan following closely. This speaks volumes about the shifting dynamics in conflict and peace across the globe.

The Americas have not fared much better; Central and North America recorded marked declines in peacefulness, mainly due to tensions in regional relationships. Canada, in particular, experienced the steepest decline in peacefulness due to heightened tensions with the United States, although the US's score remained unchanged for now.

Conflict Hotspots and Risk Assessment

The MENA region remains the most dangerous, with countries like Sudan and Syria ranking among the least peaceful. Sub-Saharan Africa records the most states involved in conflicts, symbolizing a significant rise from merely seven in 2008 to 35 active conflicts now. The Sahel has become a focal point for terrorism, further exacerbated by its fragile political environments.

The IEP report also highlights emerging risk areas such as Kashmir and South Sudan which are on the brink of escalating conflicts with the potential for immense casualties.

Adapting to Modern Warfare

The integration of advanced technologies into combat has also reshaped the nature of warfare fundamentally. With a surge in drone production, the dynamics of conflict have shifted, making warfare more accessible and prolonged. Ukraine’s ongoing conflict has accelerated the use of drones, demonstrating their efficacy against traditional military assets.

In conclusion, the 2025 GPI paints a concerning picture of global peace, characterized by fragmentation and a substantial economic burden resulting from conflicts. The challenge lies ahead in mitigating these growing tensions while fostering an environment conducive to sustainable peace and cooperation.