#Ancient China #Hongshan Culture #jade dragons

The Hongshan Culture: A Pillar of Ancient Chinese Civilization

The Hongshan culture, emerging between 6,500 and 4,900 years ago in the West Liaohe River basin, is increasingly recognized as a cornerstone of ancient Chinese civilization, much like the Yellow and Yangtze river basins. Renowned for its fine jade craftsmanship and the early use of dragon totems, this late Neolithic culture has sparked significant archaeological interest over the decades.

A Historical Overview

Formally identified in 1954 after a hilly area in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, the Hongshan culture is named after the Mandarin words for 'red mountains'. The first archaeological discovery was made in 1921, and since then, over 1,100 sites have been located primarily across southeastern Inner Mongolia, western Liaoning, and northern Hebei provinces. These findings have painted a picture of a sophisticated society skilled in architecture and craftsmanship, heavily engaged in trade and cultural exchange.

Architectural Achievements and Ritual Practices

Research indicates that the Hongshan people had developed advanced architectural techniques, as evidenced by large ceremonial centers like those found at the Niuheliang site. Here, impressive structures were built using layers of earth and stone, specifically designed for public rituals that reflected their unique belief system.

Notably, elaborate tombs, filled exclusively with jade artifacts, signified social status and identity among the dead, suggesting a complex relationship between the living and the spiritual realm.

The Allure of Jade Dragons

One of the most captivating aspects of Hongshan culture is its jade artifacts, particularly jade dragons. The discovery of these artifacts reveals their cultural and symbolic importance. Researcher Guo Ming highlighted that the representation of dragon totems on jade artifacts began approximately 5,500 years ago. Jade dragons found in extensive excavations showcase a consistent style, characterized by a serpentine body and intricate detailing.

Two predominant forms of jade dragons have been distinguished: the C-shaped dragon and the so-called